The notion that "massive cuts in essential city services" will harm the poor and elderly relates to which type of appeal?

The correct answer reflects the idea that the argument is specifically highlighting the tangible effects of policy changes on vulnerable populations, such as the poor and elderly. This type of appeal focuses on the practical consequences that result from certain actions or decisions.

In this context, stating that "massive cuts in essential city services" will lead to harmful outcomes for these groups underscores the real, foreseeable implications of those cuts. It aims to persuade by emphasizing the significant impact on everyday life, quality of care, and access to necessary services that these groups rely on. The appeal is grounded in pragmatic reasoning, drawing attention to the direct consequences rather than evoking an emotional response or creating fear, which is characteristic of other types of appeals.

By focusing on how the proposed actions could adversely affect the most vulnerable members of society, this approach seeks to engage the audience's understanding of social responsibility and practical outcomes instead of stirring up emotional reactions or hypothetical scenarios.